毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译
系别：
土木系
土木工程（道桥方向）
工077
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外文出处：Prof essional Englishon Ci vil
Engineering Mechanics
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件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
指导教师评语： 签字： 年 月 日 1、 外文原文（复印件）
Theroad(highway)
The road i s one k indof l inearconstruction used for travel. It i s made of the roadbed, the roadsurface,thebridge,theculvertandthetunnel.Inaddition,italsohasthecrossingof lines, theprotective project and the traffic engineeringand the route facility.
Theroadbedisthe
baseofroadsurface,roadshoulder,sideslope,sideditchfoundations.Itisstonematerialstructure,whichisdesignedaccording toroute'splaneposition.Theroadbed,asthebaseoftravel,mustguaranteethatit hasthe enough intensity andthe stability thatcanpreventthew a terand other natural disaster from corroding.
The road surface is the surface of road. It is sing le or complex structure built w ithmix ture. Theroadsurfacerequirebeingsmooth,havingenoughintensity,goodstabilityandanti-slipperyfunction.The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic.
The route marking i s one k indof traffic safety facility painted by oil paint or m adeby theconcreteandtilesonhigh-level,lesshigh-typesurface.Itsfunctioniscoordinatingthesigntomaketheeffectivecontroltothetransportation,directingthevehiclesskiproadtravel,servingunimpededandthesafepurpose.Ourcountry’sroadroutemarkinghasthelanemedian
l
ine,thetrafficlaneboundary,thecurbline,theparkingline,theconductioncurrentbelt,thepedestriancrossingline,thefourcornerscentercircle,theparkingazimuthline.Theroutemarkinghasthecontinualsolidline,thebroken l ineand the arrow indicator and itscolor uses the w hiteor the yellow.
Thearchofbridgeisthe structurewhichstridesoverrivers,mountainvalleyandchannel.Itismade g enerallyby steel rod, concrete andstone.
Thetunnelisthecavewhichconnectsbothsidesoftheroad.Thetechniqueofthisconstructionisvery complex,thecostofthe
projectsishigherthancommonroad.However,itreducesthe
drivingdistancebetweentwoplaces,enhancesthegradeofthetechnicalinbuildingtheroadandguaranteesthe cars can drive fast and safely, thus reduces the cost of transportation.
The protective project i s to protect and consolidate the roadbed in order that i t can g uaranteetheintensity and the stability of the road, thus maintains the automobile to pass throughsafely.
In order to g uaranteethat safe operation of the highway transportation, besides the highwayengineeringandthevehiclesperformance,itmusthavesometrafficsignal,routemarking,eachkindofdirectoranddemonstratefacility.Thehighwaymarkingusescertainmarkanddrawsymbol,simplewordsandnumber,theninstallsinthesuitableplacetoindicatethe
front
road's
condition
or
theaccidentconditionincludingtheinformationalsign,thewarningsignal,theprohibitorysign,theroadsig n and soon.
The road w hichJoin city, village and industry, mainly are used for the automobile and hascertaintechnicalstandardandthefacilitypathcanbecalledthehighway.“Thehighway”in rearethe
human,therearetheroad.Itis
a
truth.However,the
C
hinesei roadis
sthemodernview,butitwasnotexistedinoldday.Itgetsthenamefromthemeaningofbeingusedforthepublictraffic.Whenotthehighway.Ifwetalkthehistoryabouttheroad,theearliesthighwayisthatbuiltbytheoldEgyptiansformakingthepyramid.NextisthestreetwhichbuiltbytheBabylonpeopleabout4000yearsago.Allthese are much earlier than our country.
A bout 500 B .C ., the Persian Empire road has l inked up East and West, and connected the road toC hina. It i s the earliest and longest S ilkR oad. 2500 y ears ag o, i t mightbe the g reatestroad .The
ancient R omeEmpire’sroadw asoncecelebrated;i t took R omeasthecenter, a l laroundbuilt29roads.Thereforeitcameoutonecommonsaying:everyroadleadstoRome.
The road's construction i s the process to enhance technique and renew the building materials.Theearliestistheoldroad,itiseasytobuildbutitisalsotodestroy.Ifthereistoomuchwaterorcars,itwillbeunevenandevenbedestroyed.ThemacadamroadappearedintheEuropewhichoutbalancedtheearliestmudroad.ThenthebrickroadappearedwhichwasearlierthanChina.Itwasonegreatbreachthatwemoldedbitumenonthemacadamroad.Fromancienttimestothepresent,Chinahascourierstationandcourierroad,whilethefirstmoreadvanceroadwastheonethatfromLongZhouinGangXitoZhenNanGuanin1906.
The difference betweenR oad and path
The path i s the project for each k indof vehicles and people to pass through. A ccordingto itsfunction,wecandivideitintotheurbanroad,theroad,thefactoriesandminespath,theforestroadand county road.
The classification of road
First, according to administrative rank, i t includes national highway, province road, countyroadand the special road. Generally the national highway and province road are named main l ine; thecounty road i s named branch line.
The national road i s the m a in l ineand has political and economy s ignificance, includingtheimportantnationaldefenseroadandtheroadcollectingourcapitalwithotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.Itisalsotheroadlinkstheeconomycenter,seaporthinge,factoryandimportant strategicplace. The highway striding over different provinces are built, protected andmanagedby the special org anizationsw hichare approved by the ministry of communications.
The provincial road i s the main l inebuilt, protected, managedby the road manage department.Iti s full of political and economic sense to the w hole province.
The sing le w ay four levels of roads can adapt below each day and nightmedium-duty truckvolumeoftraffic200.
The county route is refers to has county -w ide ( county -level city ) politics,theeconom-icsignificance,connectsinthecountyandthecountythemaintownship(town),theprin-cipalcommoditiesproductionandthecollectionanddistributioncenterroad,aswellasdoesnotbelongtothefederalhighway,provincialroad'scountybordertheroad.Thecoun-tyroutebythecounty,thecityroad Departmentresponsible for the w orkis responsible
to construct, the maintenance and the management.
The tow nshiproad refers to mainly the road w hichfor the tow nship( tow n) thev i l la -g eeconomy,theculture, the administration serves, as w ell as does not belong to above t-hecountyroutebetweenroad's themanagement.
The
special-purpose
road
i
s
refers
to
feeds
specially
or
mainly
supplies
the
factoriesandmines,theforestregion,thefarm,the
touristarea,themilitaryimportantplaceandsoonandtheexternalrelationsroad.Thespecial-purposeroadisresponsiblebythespecial-purpose
toconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.Mayalsoentrustthelocalroad maintenance and the management.
S econd, according to the use duty, the function and adapts the volume of traffic division.
departmenttoconstruct,
unit the
oilfield,the
townshipandthetownshipandthe
townshipandthe
exte-riorcontactroad.Townshipisresponsible by the people's governmentto construct, the m-aintenanceand
A ccordingto our country present \"Highway engineering Technical standard\" theroadaccordingto the use duty, the function and the adaptation volume of tra-fficdividesinto highway,arterialroad,second-class road, tertiary highway, four level of road five ranks:
1 st, the highway to feed specially the automobile and should control the differencec-ompletelyrespectively tow ardthe dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway.
The four traffic lane highway s oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobile reduce passengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic25000~55000.
Thesixtrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic45000~80000.
The eighttraffic lane highway s oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobiler-educepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic60000~100000.
2 nd, the arterial road to supplythe automobile and mayaccording to need to control thedifferencerespectivelytowardthe dividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway.
The four traffic lane arterial roads oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobilreducepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic15000~30000.
The six traffic lane arterial roads oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobilereducepassengervehicle'syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic25000~55000.
3rd,thesecond-classroadtosupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-lanehighway.
Canadapteachdayandnights3000~7500medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.4 rd, tertiary highway s to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lane highway.
Canadapteachdayandnights1000~4000medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.
The5,fourlevelsofroadstomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-laneorthesingle-lanehighway.
The two-lane four levels of roads canadapt below each day and nightmedium-dutytruckvolumeoftraffic1500.
Highway
engineeringincludes
Highway
planning
location
design
and
maintenance.
B
eforethedesignandconstructionofa
newhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertakentheremintbegeneralplaningandconsiderationoffinancingAspartofgeneralplanningitisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedofthereawillbefora
considerableperiod,generally20years,andwhatconstructionwillmeetthoseneeds.Toassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactor.Thehighwayengineermust determine the most suitablelocation lay out, and capacity of the new route and structures. Frequently, a preliminary l ineor locationand several a l ternate routes are studied. The detailed design i s normally beg un only w henthe preferredlocation has been chosen.
In selecting the best route, careful consideration i s g ivento the traffic requirements terrain tobetraversedvalueoflandneededfortheright-of-way.andestimatedcostofconstructionforthevariousplans.Thephotogrammetricmethod,whichmakesuse
ofaerialphotographsisusedextensivelytoindicate the character of the terrain on la rg e projects w here i t is most economical. On small project,
Financing considerations determine w hetherthe project can be carried out t\ one time or whetherconstructionmustbeinstageswitheachstageinitiatedasfundsbecomeavailable.Indecidingthebestmethodoffinancingthe work, the engineermakesan analysis of whomit willbenefit.Importanthighway s and streets benefit* in vary ingdegrees, three g roups* users ow nersof adjacent property andthe g eneralpublic.
U sersof improved highway s benefit from decreased cost of transportation, g reater travelcomfort,increasedsafetyandsavingoftime.Theyalsoobtainrecreationalandeducationalbenefits.Ownersofabuttingoradjacentpropertymaybenefitfrombetteraccess,increasedpropertyvalue,moreeffectivepoliceandfireprotection,improvedstreetparkinggreaterpedestriantrafficsafety,andtheuseofthestreet rig ht-of-w ay for the location of public utilities such as w a terl inesand sewers.
Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction i s often difficult but i s a m ostimportantphaseofhighwayengineering.Somebenefitscanbe
measuredwithaccuracy,buttheevaluationofothersismorespeculative.Asaresultnumerousmethodsarcusedtofinanceconstruction,andmuchengineeringw orkmay heinvolved in selecting the bestprocedure.
Environmental
evaluation.
The
environmental
impact
of
constructing
highway
s
hasreceivedincreasedattentionandimportance.Manyprojectshavebeendelayedandnumerousotherscanceledbecauseotenvironmentalproblems.Theenvironmentalstudyorreportcoversmanyfactors,includingnoisegeneration,airpollutiondisturbanceofareastraverseddestructionofexisting housing andpossible a l ternateroutes.
Highway engineersmust a l so assist in the acquisition of rig ht-of-w ay needed for new highwayfacilitiesAcquisitionofthelandrequiredforconstructionofexpresswaylendinginto the centralbusiness areas of cities has proved extremely difficult ithe public i s demanding that traffic engineersworkcloselywithcityplanners,architects,sociologistsandallgroupsinterestedinbeautificationandimprovementofcitiestoassurethatexpresswaysextendinxthroughmetropolitanareasbebuiltonlyafter evaluation of a l lmajor questions, including the follow ing;
( 1 ) Is sufficient a ttentionbeing paid -to beautification of the ex pressway itself? ( 2 ) Wouldachangeinlocationpreserve major natural beauties of the city? (3) Coulda depressed design helogicallysubstitutedforthosesectionswhereanelevatedexpresswayisproposed?(4)Canthegeneraldesignheimprovedtoreducethenoisecreatedbylargevolumesoftraffic?(5)Aresomesectionsofthe city being isolatedby the proposed location?
Detailed design. Detailed design of a highway project includes preparation of draw ingsorblueprintstobeusedforconstruction.Theseplansshow,forexample,thelocation,thedimensionsofsuchelementsasroudwaywidth*thefinajprofilefor(heroad,thelocationandtypeofdrainagefacilities, and the quantities of w orkinvolved, including earthworkand surfacing.
In planning the g radingoperations the design engineer considers the ty pe of material tobeencounteredinexcavatingorincuttingawaythehighpointsalongtheprojectandhowthe rnaterialremovedcanbestbeutilisedforfillorforconstructingembankmentsacrosslow
areaselsewhereontheproject.Forthistheengineermustanalyzethegradationandphysicalpropertiesofthesoil,determinehowtheembankmentscanbestbecompacted,andcalculatethevolumeofearthworktobedone.Electroniccalculatingproceduresarenowsometimesusedforthelaststep.Electronicequipmenthas
alsospeededupmanyotherhighwayengineeringcalculations.Powerfulandhighlymobile earth moving machines have been developed TO permit rapid and economical operations.
, S e lection of the ty peand thickness of roudw ay surfacing to be constructed i s an importantpartofdesign.Thetypechosendependsuponthemaximumloadstobeaccommodated,thefrequencyoftheseloadsandotherfactors.Forsome
mures,trafficvolumemaybeso
lowthatnosurfacingiseconomicallyjustifiedandnaturalsoilservesastheroadway.Astrafficincreases,asurfacingofsandycluy,crushedslag,crushedstonecalichecrushedoystershells,oracombinationofthesemaybeapplied.Ifgravelisused,itusuallycontainssufficientclay andfinematerialtohelpstabilizethesurfacing.Gravel surfaces may be further stubilizedby application of calcium chloride, w hicha l so a ids in
coordinated
controllingdust.AnothersurfacingiscomposedofPortlandcementandwatermixediutotheupperfewinchesofthesuhgradeandcompactedwithrollers.ThisprocedureformsAsoil-cementbasethatcanbesurfacedwithbituminousmaterials.Roadwaysrocarrylargevolumes ofheavyvehiclesmustbecarefully designedand made of considerable thickness.
M uchof highway engineeringi s devoted to the planingand construction of facilities to drainthehighwayorstreetandlocarrystreamsacrossthehighwayright-of-way.
R emovalof surface w a terfrom the road or street i s know n a surface druiuage . It isaccomplishedbyconstructingtheroadsothatithasacrownandbyslopingtheshouldersandadjacentareassoastocontroltheflowofwatereithertowardexistingnaturaldrainage,suchasopenditches,orintoastormdrainagesystemofcalehbasinsandundergroundpipes.Ifastormdrainagesystemisused,asitwouldbewithcitystreets,thedesignengineermustgiveconsiderationtotherntalareadrainingontothestreet,themaximumrateofrunoffexpected,thedurationofthedesignstorm,theamountofpondingallowableateachcarchbasin,andtheproposedspacingofthecatchbasinsalongthestreet.Fromthisinformationthedesiredcapacityoftheindividualeatehbaxinandthesizeoftheundergroundpipingnetworkurccalculated.Indesigningfacilitiestocarrystreamsunderthehighway theengineermustdeterminetheareato be drained the maximumprobableprecipitationoverthe drainage basin,thehighestex pectedrunoffrare.
and then, using ( hit information, must calculate the required capacity of l li t: drainagestructure.Generally designs a remade adequate to accommodatenot only the la rgestflow ever recorded for thatlocation but the g reatestdischarge that might be expected under the most adverse conditions for ag iven number of years.
Factor considered in calculating the expected flow through a culvert opening include size, length,andshapeoftheopening,roughnessofthewalls,shapeoftheentranceanddownstreamendoftheconduit, maxim um a l low able heightof w atera t the entrance, and w a terlevel a t theoutlet
M uchengineeringund construction w orkhas been done to provide rest stops a longmajorexpresswayroutestespeciallythenationalsystemofinterstatehighways.Thesefacilitiesmustbecarefullylocatedtopermiteasyandsafeexitandreturnaccesstothehighway.Manyunitshavebeenbuilt^sceniclocationsinforestedareastopermitpicnicgroundsandwalkwaysthroughtheforest.These rest areas are especially beneficial to tho« e drivers traveling long distances w ithfewstops.
. The control and reduction of noise a long busy routes, especially expressway s, has become animportantpartofhighwayengineering.Inmanycommunitieshighwallshavebeenhuiltalongeithersideoftheexpressway.Suchwallscanhecostlytoconstruct,hutcanproveverybeneficial,barrierscan reduce overall noise levels by over 50 %.
Constructionoperations.Althoughmuchengineeringandplaningmustbedonepreliminarytoit,the construction i s normally the costliest part of making highway uudstreet improvements.
W i l li t h e aw ardof a construction contract follow ingthe preparation of the detailed plansandspecificationstengineersgoontotheftiteandlayouttheproject.Aspartofthisstakingout.limitsofearthworkare show n, location of drainage structures indicated, and profiles established.
Heavy rollers are used to compact the soil or subgradebelow the roadway in order to eliminatelatersettlement.Pneumatictiredrollersandsheepsfootrollers(steelcylindersequippedwithnumerousshortsteelteethorfeetJareoftenemployedforthisoperation.Vibratoryrollershavebeendevelopedandusedonsomeprojectsinrecentyears.Onetypevibratesupto3400times/min,compactingtheunderlyingmaterial to an appreciabledepth.
actual
M a intenanceand operation. Highway maintenance consists of the repair and upkeep of surfacingandshoulders,bridgesanddrainagefacilities?signs,trafficcontroldevices,guardrails,trafficstripingonthepavement,retainingwalls,andside
slopes.
Additionaloperationsincludeicecontrol
less
undsnowremoval,becauseitisvaluabletoknowwhysomehighwaydesignsgivebetterperformanceandprove engineers. Consequently, maintenance and operation arc important parts ofhighwayengineering.
costly to maintain than others, engineerssupervising maintenance can offer valuableguidanceto design
2、外文资料翻译译文
路（公路）
公路是供汽车或其他车辆行驶的一种线形带状结构体。它是由路基、路面、桥梁、
涵洞和隧道等基本部分组成。此外，还有路线交叉、防护工程和交通工程及沿线设施
等。
路基是路面、路肩、边坡、边沟等部分的基础，如下图所示。它是按照路线的平
面位臵和设计高程在地面上开挖和填筑成一定断面形式的线形人工土石料构造物。路基作为行车部分的基础，必须保证有足够的强度和稳定性，能防止水及其他自然灾
害的侵蚀。
路面是公路表面部分。它是用一定级配的混合料铺筑于路基之上的单层或多层结构物。路面要求平整，具有足够的强度，良好的稳定性和抗滑性能。路面质量的好环，直接影响到行车的安全性、舒适性和车辆的通行能力。
路面标线是在高级、次高级路面上用漆类物质喷刷或用混凝土预制块、瓷瓦等作的一种交通安全设施。它的作用是配合标志牌对交通运输作有效的管制，指引车辆分
道行驶，达到畅通和安全的目的。
我国公路路面标线有行车道中线、车道分界线、路缘线、停车线、禁止超车线、导流带、人行横道线、交叉路口中心圈、停车方位线、导向箭头等。
路面标线有连续实线、间断线和箭头指示线等三种形式，其颜色采用白色或黄色。桥涵是公路跨越河流、山谷、通道等障碍物而架设的结构物。一般用钢筋混凝土、块
石等材料建造而成。隧道是连接山岭两侧公路的一条山洞。隧道修筑施工技术复杂，工程造价比一般路面高，但它缩短了两地间行车距离，提高了公路的技术等级，保证了行车快速安全，从而降低运输成本。公路防护工程是对路基进行防护和加固，以
保证路基的强度和稳定性，从而维持正常的汽车通行和行车安全。
交通标志为了保证公路运输的安全运行，除公路工程和车辆性能所要求的设备和条
件外，
还必须有交通标志、路面标线等各种指挥、显示设施。公路标志，是用一定的标记，绘以符号、图案、简单文字、号码等，装设在适当的地点，预示前方公路的状况或事故发生的状态。包括指示标志、警告标志、禁令标志、指路标志等。
联接城市、乡村和工矿基地之间，主要供汽车行驶并具备一定技术标准和设施的道路称公路。中文所言的“公路”是近代说法，古文中并不存在，“公路”是以其公共
交通之路得名；外国人叫它highway，
看来是它建设地基较高，利于行车而来。有人必有路，走的人多势必成路，这是
真理。不过，这路并非公路。若说公路的历史，公元前三千年，古埃及人为修建金字
塔而建设的路，应是世界上最早的公路。次之是大约公元前二千年古巴比伦人的街道，比我们中国公路要早很多。
公元前五百年左右，波斯帝国大道贯通了东西方，并连接起通往中国的大道，形
成了世界上最早、最长的丝绸之路，这可算是二千五百年前最伟大的公路了。古罗
马帝国的公路曾经显赫一时，它以罗马为中心，向四外呈放射形修建了二十九条公路，号称世界无双。所以产生了至今人们还常用的外国俗语，“条条道路通罗马”。
公路的修建也有个不断提高技术和更新建筑材料过程。最早当然是土路，它易建但是也易坏，雨水多些，车马多此，便凹凸不平甚至毁坏了。欧洲较早出现了碎石路，
这比土进了一大进。再后出现了砖块路，也比中国早很多。在碎石上铺浇沥青是公路史上一大突破，这是近代的事了。中国自古有驿站驿路，但是真正第一条较先进的公路，是1906年铺设的广西龙州至镇南关的公路。
公路和道路的区别道路是供各种车辆（无轨）和行人通行的工程设施。按其使用特点分
为城市道
路、公路、厂矿道路、林区道路及乡村道路等。公路的分类
一、按行政等级划分公路按行政等级可分为：国家公路、省公路、县公路和乡公路（简
称为国、省、
乡道）以及专用公路五个等级。一般把国道和省道称为干线，县道和乡道称为支线。国道
是指具有全国性政治、经济意义的主要干线公路，包括重要的国际公路，
国防公路、连接首都与各省、自治区、直辖市首府的公路，连接各大经济中心、港站枢纽、商品生产基地和战略要地的公路。国道中跨省的高速公路由交通部批准的专门
机构负责修建、养护和管理。
省道是指具有全省（自治区、直辖市）政治、经济意义，并由省（自治区、直辖
市）公路主管部门负责修建、养护和管理的的公路干线。
县道是指具有全县（县级市）政治、经济意义，连接县城和县内主要乡（镇）、主
要商品生产和集散地的公路，以及不属于国道、省道的县际间公路。县道由县、市
公路主管部门负责修建、养护和管理。
乡道是指主要为乡（镇）村经济、文化、行政服务的公路，以及不属于县道以上
公路的乡与乡之间及乡与外部联络的公路。乡道由人民政府负责修建、养护和管理。
专用公路是指专供或主要供厂矿、林区、农场、油田、旅游区、军事要地等与外
部联系的公路。专用公路由专用单位负责修建、养护和管理。也可委托当地公路部门
修建、养护和管理。
二、按使用任务、功能和适应的交通量划分根据我国现行的《公路工程技术标准》（JTJ001-1997），公路按使用任务、功
能和适应的交通量分为高速公路、一级公路、二级公路、三级公路、四级公路五个等级：
1、高速公路为专供汽车分向分车道行驶并应全部控制出入的多车道公路。四车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量25000～ 55000辆。
六车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量45000～80000辆。
八车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量60000～100000辆。
2、一级公路为供汽车分向分车道行驶并可根据需要控制出入的多车道公路。
四车道一级公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量15000～
30000辆。
六车道一级公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量25000～
55000辆。
3、二级公路为供汽车行驶的双车道公路。一般能适应每
昼夜3000～7500辆中型载重汽车交通量。4、三级公路为
主要供汽车行驶的双车道公路。一般能适应每昼夜
1000～4000 辆中型载重汽车交通量。
5、四级公路为主要供汽车行驶的双车道或单车道公路。双车道四级
公路能适应每昼夜中型载重汽车交通量1500辆以下。
单车道四级公路能适应每昼夜中型载重汽车交通量200 辆以下。高速公路工程包括高速公路计划.选址.设计和高速公路保养。当一项高速公路工
程设计建设或是改造之前，必须大致地计划考虑一下费用问题。作为概要计划的一部分，该地区在可预见的时段内（如20 年）的交通流量，以及何种建设才能满足这种需求将
是决定因素。为了评估交通需求量，高速公路工程师通过采集分析现有设备提供的
物理数据信息——包括车流量，分布，现有交通工具的特征以及蕴涵在这些因素中的可
以预知的变化。高速公路工程师必须决定新路线建筑最适合的位臵.布局以及容量。通
常情况下，一条初步的线路或选址和若干备选路线都会被拿来研究。细节方面设计通常
在一个更佳的选址确定下来之后才开始。
为了选择最佳路线，需要仔细考虑的问题包括：交通需求，（路线）横贯的地带，可通行道路的土地价值以及各种方案的结构开销的预算。在一些大型项目中，利用了航拍技术的摄影测量法被广泛用于显示该地带的特征，这也是一种最经济的方法。在那些小型工程中，地面绘图法已经很完美了。
资金方面的考虑决定了一项工程是一次性实施还是是否必须分阶段建设，每阶
段建设等资金到位后才开始。在决定最经济的实施方案时，工程师通过分析它的盈利性来定夺的。高速公路，街道（考虑）盈利性的三个优先顺序（依次）为：使用者，
所有权上（最）邻近的所有者，大众。
使用者通过降低运输费用，提高旅行舒适度，增加安全性，节约时间来提高高速公路利润。他们也获得娱乐的和教育上的好处。所有权毗邻的所有者可以通过更好
的路线，提升所有权价值，更加高效的警察机关和消防保护，改善停车环境，为步行者提供更安全的交通环境，当地可通行道路（沿线）的公共设施，（诸如）水管和下
水道的使用情况。
对通过高速公路建设获得的各种利益的评估通常是困难的，但对一个高速公路工程来讲也是一个最重要的阶段。有一些利益可以被精确计算出，另有一些就具有相当
的投机性。因此要使用许多种办法来使（工程）建设（变的）更加经济，并且许多工
程上的工作都会牵涉到最佳程序的选择上。
环境因素在高速公路建设中正被越来越重视，也突现出越来越高的重要性。由于环境问题导致工程被搁臵甚至取消的事例，不胜枚举。环境方面的研究或调查涉及许
多因素，包括噪声的产生，空气污染，对横贯地区的扰乱，对现有房屋以及可能的预
备路线的破坏。
高速公路工程师也必须协助得到用于新高速公路设备的可通行道路。通向市区商
业中心的高速公路建设的土地的获得已被证明是非常困难的。公众需要交通工程师和城市规划者，建筑师，社会学家，以及所有对美化城市环境，提升城市功能感兴趣
的团体紧密合作以确保在协调好所有主要问题（方面）的利益后再（开始）建贯通首
要区域的高速公路。主要问题包括以下几点：
（1）高速公路自身的美化问题是否给予了充分的注意？（2）是否为保护城市的自然风光而改变选址？（3）在某些区段需要高架高速公路的有没有一个逻辑上可以替
换的降低设计被提出？（4）概略设计对降低由大流量的交通造成的噪音是否有帮助？（5）城市的一些部分是否因为这个提议选址而被独立开来？
高速公路工程的细节设计部分包括用于建设的图纸或者蓝图的准备工作。这些计划展示了诸如选址，道路宽度等此类要素的尺寸，道路的最终剖面图，排水设备的位臵和种类，涉及的工程量，包括地下地表的工作。
在做分层开挖的计划时，设计工程师要考虑在开挖过程中遇到的土的种类或者削平工程沿线的高地后如何处理余土才能把它们最佳地填到需要填土的地方，或是用于该工
程穿越的其他地势较低地段的筑堤工程。为此，工程师必须分析土质的等级和物理特性，决定如何才能把路堤尽可能的压实，并且计算要完成的土方工程量。电算程序如今常常被用于最后一个阶段的计算。电子设备也加快了许多其他高速公路工程的计算。
大功率，（具有）高度灵活性的土方机械已被研发出来用于快速.经济的（工程）操作的
实现。
选择要建设道路表面的类型和厚度是设计中的重要部分。类型的选择取决于该类道路要承受的最大荷载，频率以及其他因素。对一些路来讲，交通量也许会如此之小以至于没有哪类路面被证明是经济的，天然土壤就被用作道路。随着交通量的增加，
沙土，碎炉渣，碎石，钠硝石，碎牡蛎壳，或是以上的混合物可以被用来做路面。如果使用砂砾，通常应包含足够的黏土和优质材料来协助提高路面稳定性。氯化钙的使
用可以进一步加强砂砾路面的稳定性，同时也有利于控制灰尘量。另一
种路面由硅酸盐水泥加水混入路基的上面几英寸并由压路机压实。这一程序构成了土-混凝土复合路基并由沥青质材料做路面。用于大交通量的重型交通工具的道路必须仔
细设计并要（设计具有）相当大的厚度。
高速公路工程的许多部分是计划和建设用于高速公路或街道排水设备的，以及使得
小溪穿过高速公路的可通行段。
将道路或是街道表面的水移走就是表面排水。它是通过建成一条路，中间有顶以及使路肩及其附属区域倾斜，从而将水导向已有的天然沟渠，像敞开的壕沟，或
是导向集水箱和地下管道的暴雨排水系统，（来实现表面排水）。如果使用了暴雨排水系统，由于它要和（城市）街道衔接，设计工程师必须考虑街道总的排水面积，期望的最
大排水率，暴雨持续时间设计值，每一个集水箱的允许倾注量，以及计划的集水箱沿街
间距。通过这些信息，每一个集水箱的期望容量以及地下管网的尺寸才被计算出来。
设计公路下的排水设施时，工程师必须确定需要排水的范围.排水区域最大可能的降雨量.最大可能的流速，然后利用这些资料，推算所需排水结构的负荷量。概略设计中要考虑充分，不仅要适合该地区已有记录的最大流量，而且要考虑在给定年限内在最不利条件下可能发生的最大流量。
开放式管道在计算预期流量是要考虑的因素包括尺寸.长度.开口形状，管壁粗糙程度，入口和下游沟渠末端的形状，入口处允许的最大水位高度以及出口处水位。
许多工程和建设工作是完成提供主要高速公路沿线休息场所的，特别是（属于）国家系统的州际高速公路。这些设施必须仔细布臵以便能方便安全的出入高速公路。许多设
施做成景观模样坐落于森林覆盖区以便（行人）可以在地上野餐或是在森林中散步。这种休息区特别受到那些跑长途而又很少停车休息的司机的欢迎。
控制.减少繁忙道路，特别是高速公路，沿线噪声已经变成高速公路工程中非常重
要的一部分。在一些社区，人们沿高速公路两侧筑起了高墙。建造这些高墙会很花钱，
但是提供了许多便利。隔音栅栏能减少全部噪声量的超过50%。
尽管前期要做大量的工程和计划，但实际工程通常是建造高速公路以及街道改造中
耗资最大的部分。
根据一份基于细节计划准备和规范的授权建设合同，工程师来到工地现场布臵工程。作为立杆定线的一部分，（工程师）要指出土方工程量，排水沟结构的位臵，并建立剖面
图。
重型压路机把道路下面的土壤和路基压实为了消除以后的沉降。气胎压路机和
羊脚压路机（配有许多小轮齿和轮脚的钢柱轮）常常被租来完成此类工作。近年来，振
荡压路机已被开发出用于某些工程。有一种振荡频率高达3400/分的振荡压路机可以压实到一个令人满意的深度范围内的地下材料。
高速公路维护由路面路肩，桥梁排水设备，标志，交通控制设备，防护围栏，行人通道上的斑马线，挡土墙以及边坡的维护和维修等组成。附加工作包括控制结冰和
移走积雪。因为搞清楚为什么有些高速公路的设计比另一些高速公路有更佳的功效和更少的用于维护的开销是很值得的，所以负责监理维护的工程师能提供很有价值的引导给设计工程师。总而言之，维护和施工都是高速公路工程的重要组成部分。
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